If you want to get the sheet name only (i.e. the sheet name without the file name or path) you can do so with rather long formula that uses the MID function along with the FIND function. The final result will look something like this:
Sheet1
Formula
=MID(CELL("filename",A1),FIND("]",
CELL("filename",A1))+1,255)
Explanation
How the formula works
The cell function is used to get the full file name and path:
CELL("filename",A1)
The result looks like this:
path[workbook.xlsm]sheetname
The full file name plus path and sheet is fed into the MID function, which is used to extract just the sheet name.
The starting position is calculated with FIND:
FIND("]",CELL("filename",A1))+1
The number of characters to extract is supplied as 255. In the Excel UI, you can’t name a worksheet longer than 31 characters, but the file format itself permits worksheet names up to 255 characters.
Alternative with RIGHT
Several readers have mentioned an alternative like this with the RIGHT function:
=RIGHT(CELL("filename",A1),LEN(CELL
("filename",A1))-FIND("]",CELL
("filename",A1)))
A few more function calls, but a perfectly valid formula.